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Fitar da Mercury daga sana'ar fasaha da ƙananan ma'adinin zinare a fadin kudancin duniya ya zarce konewar kwal a matsayin babbar tushen mercury a duniya.Muna bincikar mercury da adanawa da adanawa a cikin Amazon na Peruvian, wanda ke fama da haƙar ma'adinan zinariya. Ma'adinan zinare sun sami abubuwan shigar da ma'adinan mercury masu girman gaske, tare da tsayin daka da methylmercury a cikin yanayi, ganyen alfarwa, da ƙasa. Anan, mun nuna a karon farko cewa ƙaƙƙarfan gandun daji kusa da ma'adinan gwal na fasaha suna tsinkayar mercury mai yawa da gaseous mercury akan ƙimar daidai gwargwado. Mun tattara tarin tarin mercury a cikin ƙasa, biomass da mazaunan songbirds a cikin wasu yankuna mafi kariya da arziƙin halittu na Amazon, suna tayar da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da yadda gurɓataccen mercury ke ƙuntata ƙoƙarin kiyayewa na zamani da na gaba a cikin waɗannan tambayoyin yanayi na wurare masu zafi. .
Babban kalubale ga yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi shine sana'a da ƙananan ma'adinai na zinariya (ASGM) .Wannan nau'i na hakar zinari yana faruwa a cikin kasashe fiye da 70, sau da yawa ba bisa ka'ida ko ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma yana da kimanin kashi 20% na samar da zinariya a duniya1. Yayin da ASGM Yana da mahimmancin rayuwa ga al'ummomin gida, yana haifar da saran gandun daji2,3, yawan juzu'in dazuzzuka zuwa tafkuna4, yawan ruwa mai yawa a cikin kogunan da ke kusa5,6, kuma shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga yanayin duniya Fitar da hayakin mercury (Hg) da mafi girma. tushen tushen ruwan mercury 7. Yawancin wuraren ASGM masu ƙarfi suna cikin wurare masu zafi na duniya, wanda ke haifar da asarar nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)10,11,12 da 13. Hg yr-1 yana canzawa kuma an sake shi cikin yanayi na duniya daga ayyukan ASGM a kowace shekara.na iskar mercury na yanayi daga arewacin duniya zuwa kudu na duniya, tare da abubuwan da suka shafi makomar mercury, sufuri da kuma yanayin da ake nunawa. Duk da haka, an san kadan game da makomar wadannan iskar mercury na yanayi da kuma tsarin su da kuma tarawa a cikin yanayin da ASGM ke tasiri.
Yarjejeniyar Minamata ta Duniya akan Mercury ta fara aiki a cikin 2017, kuma Mataki na 7 ya yi magana musamman game da hayakin mercury daga haƙar ma'adinan fasaha da ƙananan gwal. A ASGM, ana ƙara ruwa elemental mercury zuwa sediments ko tama don raba zinariya. Tattaunawar zinari da sakin iskar mercury (GEM; Hg0) cikin sararin samaniya.Wannan duk da kokarin da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Masana'antu (UNIDO) da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suke yi don karfafa gwiwa. Masu hakar ma'adinai don rage hayakin mercury.Ya zuwa rubuta wannan rahoto a cikin 2021, kasashe 132, ciki har da Peru, sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Minamata kuma sun fara haɓaka tsare-tsaren ayyukan ƙasa don magance raguwar hayaƙin mercury da ke da alaƙa da ASGM. Masana ilimi sun yi kira ga waɗannan tsare-tsaren ayyukan ƙasa zama mai haɗa kai, ɗorewa kuma cikakke, la'akari da direbobin tattalin arzikin zamantakewa da haɗarin muhalli15,16,17,18.Tsare-tsare na yanzu don magance illolin mercury a cikin muhalli suna mai da hankali kan haɗarin mercury da ke da alaƙa da aikin fasaha da ƙananan haƙar ma'adinai kusa da yanayin ruwa, gami da masu hakar ma'adinai da mutanen da ke zaune kusa da konewar amalgam, da kuma al'ummomin da ke cinye kifin da ba a iya gani ba. ta hanyar shakar mercury tururi daga konewar amalgam, bayyanar mercury na abinci ta hanyar amfani da kifi, da mercury bioaccumulation a cikin gidajen abinci na ruwa sun kasance abin da aka fi mayar da hankali ga mafi yawan binciken kimiyya na ASGM, ciki har da Amazon.Karatun farko (misali, duba Lodenius da Malm19).
Tsarin halittu na ƙasa kuma suna cikin haɗarin bayyanar mercury daga ASGM.Atmospheric Hg da aka saki daga ASGM kamar yadda GEM zai iya komawa cikin yanayin ƙasa ta hanyar manyan hanyoyi guda uku20 (Fig. 1): GEM na iya adsorbed zuwa barbashi a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda sai an kama shi ta hanyar. saman;Tsire-tsire na iya ɗaukar GEM kai tsaye kuma a haɗa su cikin kyallen jikinsu;A ƙarshe, GEM na iya zama oxidized zuwa nau'in Hg (II), wanda za'a iya ajiyewa a bushe, sanya shi cikin kwayoyin halitta, ko shigar da shi a cikin ruwan sama.Wadannan hanyoyin suna ba da mercury zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan fallasa (watau hazo a kan rassan bishiyar), litter, da kuma ruwa. Ruwan sama, bi da bi. Za a iya ƙayyade jigon jigon ruwa ta hanyar ruwan mercury a cikin laka da aka tattara a cikin sarari. Za'a iya ƙididdige jimillar busasshiyar a matsayin jimlar ɗimbin ruwan mercury a cikin zuriyar dabbobi da ɗigon mercury a faɗuwa tare da ɗigon mercury a hazo. Yawan karatu sun rubuta haɓakar mercury a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa a kusa da ayyukan ASGM (duba, alal misali, tebur taƙaice a Gerson et al. 22), mai yiwuwa a sakamakon shigar da mercury na sedimentary da sakin mercury kai tsaye. Duk da haka, yayin da aka inganta. Ƙimar mercury a kusa da ASGM na iya kasancewa saboda konewar mercury-gold amalgam, ba a san yadda ake jigilar wannan Hg a cikin yanki na yanki ba da kuma mahimmancin mahimmancin ajiya daban-daban.duk hanyoyin kusa da ASGM.
Mercury da aka fitar a matsayin mercury na elemental na gas (GEM; Hg0) za a iya ajiye shi a cikin shimfidar wuri ta hanyoyi guda uku na yanayi. Na farko, GEM za a iya yin oxidized zuwa ionic Hg (Hg2+), wanda za'a iya shigar da shi a cikin ɗigon ruwa kuma a ajiye shi a saman ganye a matsayin rigar ko rigar. bushe adibas.Na biyu, GEMs iya adsorb yanayi particulate kwayoyin halitta (Hgp), wanda aka intercepted da foliage da kuma wanke a cikin wuri mai faɗi ta waterfalls tare da intercepted ionic Hg. Na uku, GEM za a iya tunawa a cikin ganye nama, yayin da Hg aka ajiye a cikin. wuri mai faɗi a matsayin litter. Tare da fadowar ruwa da zuriyar dabbobi ana la'akari da kiyasin jimillar jimillar mercury.Ko da yake GEM na iya yaɗuwa da watsawa kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa da litter77, wannan bazai zama hanyar farko don shigar mercury cikin yanayin halittun ƙasa ba.
Muna sa ran adadin mercury na farko zai ragu tare da nisa daga tushen iskar mercury.Tunda biyu daga cikin hanyoyi uku na shigar da mercury zuwa cikin shimfidar wurare (ta hanyar faɗuwa da zuriyar dabbobi) sun dogara ne akan hulɗar mercury tare da saman tsiro, za mu iya hasashen ƙimar da mercury ke ciki. an saka shi cikin yanayin halittu da kuma yadda yake da tsanani ga dabbobi Hadarin tasiri yana ƙaddara ta hanyar tsarin ciyayi, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar lura a cikin gandun daji na gandun daji da kuma dazuzzuka a arewacin latitudes23. Duk da haka, mun kuma gane cewa aikin ASGM yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda tsarin alfarwa ya kasance. Ba a ƙididdige mahimmancin mahimmancin hanyoyin adana mercury a cikin waɗannan yanayin halittu ba, musamman ga dazuzzuka da ke kusa da tushen iskar mercury, wanda ba a cika ganin girmansa a cikin gandun daji na boreal ba. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan. nazari, muna yin tambayoyi masu zuwa: (1) Ta yaya gaseous elemental mercury taro daHanyoyi na ajiya sun bambanta da kusancin ASGM da ma'aunin yanki na ganye na alfarwar yanki?(2) Shin ajiyar mercury na ƙasa yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi? shine farkon wanda ya fara bincika abubuwan shigar da bayanan mercury kusa da ayyukan ASGM da kuma yadda murfin rufi ya dace da waɗannan alamu, kuma na farko don auna ma'aunin methylmercury (MeHg) a cikin shimfidar wuri na Amazon na Peruvian.Mun auna GEM a cikin yanayi, da jimlar hazo, shigar ciki, duka. mercury da methylmercury a cikin ganye, datti, da ƙasa a cikin gandun daji da wuraren da aka sare dazuzzuka tare da nisan kilomita 200 na kogin Madre de Dios a kudu maso gabashin Peru .Mun yi tsammanin cewa kusanci da ASGM da garuruwan ma'adinai da ke ƙone Hg-gold amalgam zai zama mafi mahimmanci. abubuwan da ke haifar da ma'aunin Hg na yanayi (GEM) da jikewar Hg jita-jita (hazo mai girma).Tun da busasshiyar mercury (shiga + zuriyar dabbobi) yana da alaƙa da tr.A cikin tsarin alfarwa, 21,24 muna kuma sa ran yankunan dazuzzukan za su sami abubuwan da ake amfani da su na mercury fiye da wuraren da aka sare dazuzzuka, wanda, idan aka yi la'akari da babban yanki na yanki da kuma yiwuwar kama mercury, batu ɗaya yana da damuwa musamman.Intact Amazon Forest. zaune a cikin dazuzzukan da ke kusa da garuruwan hakar ma'adinai suna da matakan mercury mafi girma fiye da dabbobin da ke zaune nesa da wuraren hakar ma'adinai.
Bincikenmu ya faru a lardin Madre de Dios a kudu maso gabashin Peruvian Amazon, inda fiye da hectare 100,000 na gandun daji aka lalata don samar da ASGM3 mai ban sha'awa kusa da, kuma wani lokacin a cikin, wurare masu kariya da kuma ajiyar ƙasa. Kayan fasaha da ƙananan zinariya. hakar ma'adinai tare da koguna a yammacin yankin Amazon ya karu sosai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata25 kuma ana sa ran zai karu tare da farashin zinariya mai yawa da kuma haɓaka haɗin kai zuwa cibiyoyin birane ta hanyar manyan hanyoyin tekun teku Ayyukan za su ci gaba 3. Mun zabi shafuka biyu ba tare da wani aikin hakar ma'adinai ba (Boca Manu da Chilive). , kusan 100 da 50 km daga ASGM, bi da bi) - daga baya ana kiranta "shafukan nesa" - da kuma shafuka uku a cikin yankin ma'adinai - daga baya ake kira "shafukan nesa" ma'adinai "(Fig. 2A) . Biyu daga cikin ma'adinai. Shafukan suna cikin gandun dajin na biyu kusa da garuruwan Boca Colorado da La Bellinto, kuma wurin hakar ma'adinai ɗaya yana cikin dajin da ke da girma a kan Los Amigos Conservatio.n Concession. Lura cewa a mahakar ma'adinan Boca Colorado da Laberinto na ma'adinan ma'adinan, tururin mercury da ke fitowa daga konewar mercury-gold amalgam yana faruwa akai-akai, amma ainihin wurin da adadin ba a san shi ba saboda waɗannan ayyukan galibi ba na yau da kullun ne kuma suna ɓoyewa;Za mu haɗu da hakar ma'adinai da mercury Alloy konewa ana kiransa da "aikin ASGM" A kowane rukunin yanar gizon, mun shigar da masu samar da ruwa a duk lokacin bushewa da damina a cikin share fage (yankin sare gandun daji gaba ɗaya ba tare da tsire-tsire na itace ba) da kuma ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi (dazuzzuka). yankunan) don jimlar abubuwan yanayi guda uku (kowane watanni 1-2 mai dorewa) ) An tattara jita-jita da digowar shiga daban-daban, kuma an yi amfani da samfurori na iska a cikin sararin samaniya don tattara GEM. Shekara mai zuwa, bisa ga babban ajiya. Adadin da aka auna a cikin shekarar farko, mun shigar da masu tarawa akan ƙarin gandun daji guda shida a Los Amigos.
Ana nuna taswirar wuraren samfura guda biyar a matsayin da'ira mai launin rawaya. Shafukan biyu (Boca Manu, Chilive) suna cikin wurare masu nisa daga hakar gwal na fasaha, kuma shafuka uku (Los Amigos, Boca Colorado da Laberinto) suna cikin wuraren da ma'adinai ya shafa. , tare da garuruwan hakar ma'adinai da aka nuna a matsayin triangles blue. Hoton yana nuna wani yanki mai nisa mai nisa da gandun daji wanda ya shafi ma'adinan. Dama).B Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) maida hankali a kowane rukunin yanar gizo a cikin lokacin rani na 2018 (n = 1 samfur mai zaman kansa kowane rukunin yanar gizo; alamomin murabba'i) da lokacin jika (n = 2 samfurori masu zaman kansu; alamomin murabba'i) yanayi.C Jimlar yawan mercury a cikin hazo da aka tattara a cikin gandun daji (green boxplot) da kuma saran gandun daji (brown boxplot) a lokacin rani na 2018. Ga duk nau'in akwatin, layukan suna wakiltar tsaka-tsaki, kwalaye suna nuna Q1 da Q3, whiskers suna wakiltar 1.5 sau da yawa tsakanin kewayon (n =5 samfurori masu zaman kansu ta kowane wurin gandun daji, n = 4 samfurori masu zaman kansu ta kowane samfurin wurin yanke gandun daji) .D Jimlar adadin mercury a cikin ganye da aka tattara daga alfarwar Ficus insipida da Inga feuillei a lokacin rani a cikin 2018 (axis hagu;duhu kore square da haske koren alwatika alamomin, bi da bi) da kuma daga girma zuriyar dabbobi a kan ƙasa (dama axis; zaitun green da'irar alamomin) .An nuna dabi'u a matsayin ma'ana da kuma daidaitaccen karkatacciyar (n = 3 samfurori masu zaman kansu ta kowane shafin don ganye masu rai, n = 1 samfurin mai zaman kanta don zuriyar dabbobi). ).An nuna bayanan wasu yanayi a cikin Hoto na 1.S1 da S2.
Ƙididdigar mercury na yanayi (GEM) sun kasance daidai da tsinkayenmu, tare da manyan dabi'u a kusa da ayyukan ASGM-musamman a kusa da garuruwan da ke ƙone Hg-gold amalgam-da ƙananan dabi'u a wurare masu nisa daga wuraren hakar ma'adinai (Fig. 2B) . yankuna masu nisa, ƙididdigar GEM suna ƙasa da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin bayanan duniya a cikin Kudancin Kudancin na kusan 1 ng m-326.Ya bambanta, ƙididdigar GEM a cikin dukkan ma'adinan uku sun kasance 2-14 sau da yawa fiye da na ma'adinai masu nisa, da ƙima a cikin ma'adinai na kusa. har zuwa 10.9 ng m-3) sun kasance kwatankwacin waɗanda ke cikin birane da birane, kuma a wasu lokuta sun zarce na Amurka, Yankunan Masana'antu a China da Koriya 27. Wannan tsarin GEM a Madre de Dios ya yi daidai da mercury-gold amalgam kona kamar yadda yake. babban tushen haɓakar mercury na yanayi a cikin wannan yanki na Amazon mai nisa.
Yayin da adadin GEM a cikin share fage ya gano kusancin hakar ma'adinai, jimlar mercury a cikin ratsa ruwa ruwa ya dogara da kusancin tsarin ma'adinai da gandun daji.Wannan samfurin yana nuna cewa yawan GEM kaɗai ba ya annabta inda za a adana babban mercury a cikin shimfidar wuri. Mun auna mafi girma. mercury maida hankali a cikin m balagagge gandun daji a cikin ma'adinai yankin (Fig. 2C) .Los Amigos Conservation Conservation yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan adadin mercury a lokacin rani (kewayon: 18-61 ng L-1) da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen kuma ya kasance daidai. zuwa matakan da aka auna a wuraren da aka gurbata da hakar ma'adinan cinnabar da konewar kwal na masana'antu.Bambanci, 28 a Guizhou, China. Bisa ga saninmu, waɗannan dabi'un suna wakiltar matsakaicin matsakaicin kayan aikin mercury na shekara-shekara da aka ƙididdige su ta amfani da raƙuman mercury na bushe da rigar da yawan hazo (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Ƙarin Table 1). Sauran wuraren hakar ma'adinai guda biyu ba su da matakan girma na jimlar mercury idan aka kwatanta da wuraren da ke nesa (kewaye: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 µg m-2 yr-1) ban da Hg, kawai aluminum da kuma manganese ya haɓaka abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin wuraren hakar ma'adinai, mai yiwuwa saboda share ƙasa mai alaƙa da hakar ma'adinai;duk sauran manyan abubuwan da aka auna da abubuwan ganowa ba su bambanta tsakanin ma'adinai da wurare masu nisa ba (Ƙarin Bayanan Fayil na 1), wani binciken da ya yi daidai da leaf mercury dynamics 29 da ASGM amalgam konewa, maimakon ƙurar iska, a matsayin babban tushen mercury a cikin faduwar ratsawa. .
Bugu da ƙari, yin hidima a matsayin adsorbents don mercury particulate da gaseous mercury, ganyen tsire-tsire na iya ɗaukar kai tsaye da kuma haɗa GEM a cikin tissues30,31. A gaskiya ma, a wuraren da ke kusa da ayyukan ASGM, sharar gida shine babban tushen mercury. -0.22 μg g-1) wanda aka auna a cikin ganyayyaki masu rai daga duk wuraren hakar ma'adinai guda uku sun zarce ƙimar da aka buga don dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, dazuzzuka, da gandun daji a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, da Asiya, da sauran gandun daji na Amazon a Kudancin Amurka, dake Kudancin Amurka.Yankuna masu nisa da kuma kusa da ma'ana 32, 33, 34.Tattaunawa sun yi daidai da waɗanda aka ruwaito don foliar mercury a cikin gandun daji na gauraye na kasar Sin da gandun daji na Atlantic a Brazil (Fig. 2D) 32,33,34.Biyan samfurin GEM, mafi girma An auna yawan adadin mercury a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa da ganyen alfarwa a cikin dazuzzukan na biyu a cikin yankin ma'adinai. Duk da haka, kiyasin tarkacen mercury ya kasance mafi girma a cikin gandun daji na farko a ma'adanin Los Amigos, mai yiwuwa saboda yawan sharar gida. Mun ninka da baya. rahoton Peruvian Amazon 35 ta Hg da aka auna a cikin litter (matsakaici tsakanin lokacin rani da bushewa) (Fig. 3A) Wannan shigarwar yana nuna cewa kusancin wuraren hakar ma'adinai da murfin katako na itace suna da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga nauyin mercury a ASGM a wannan yanki.
Ana nuna bayanai a cikin gandun daji na A da B. Yankunan da aka sare dazuzzuka na Los Amigos sune wuraren share fage ne wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaramin yanki na ƙasar duka. saman 0-5 cm na ƙasa, ana nuna wuraren waha a matsayin da'irori kuma an bayyana su a cikin μg m-2.Percentage yana wakiltar yawan adadin mercury da ke cikin tafkin ko juyi a cikin nau'i na methylmercury. Matsakaicin ƙididdiga tsakanin lokutan bushewa (2018 da 2019) da kuma lokacin damina (2018) don jimlar mercury ta hanyar ruwan sama, yawan hazo, da litter, don ƙididdige ƙididdiga na nauyin mercury. Bayanan Methylmercury ya dogara ne akan lokacin rani na 2018, shekarar da kawai aka auna shi.Duba "Hanyoyin" don bayani kan hadawa da lissafin juye-juye.C Dangantaka tsakanin jimlar mercury maida hankali da fihirisar ganye a cikin filaye takwas na Los Amigos Conservation Conservation, bisa la'akari da koma bayan talakawa mafi ƙasƙanci.Al surface ƙasa mercury maida hankali ga duk biyar sites a cikin gandun daji (kore da'ira) da kuma sare gandun daji (brown triangles) yankuna, bisa ga talakawa m murabba'ai koma baya (kuskuren sanduna nuna daidaitattun sabawa).
Yin amfani da dogon lokaci hazo da bayanan zuriyar dabbobi, mun sami damar auna ma'auni na shigar ciki da abun ciki na mercury daga kamfen ɗin guda uku don samar da ƙididdige yawan yuwuwar mercury na yanayi na shekara-shekara don Rarraba Kiyayewar Los Amigos (shiga + adadin zuriyar da hazo) don Ƙididdigar farko. Mun gano cewa hawan mercury na yanayi a cikin gandun dajin da ke kusa da ayyukan ASGM sun fi sau 15 fiye da na yankunan da ke kewaye da gandun daji (137 da 9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Figure 3 A,B).Wannan na farko. kiyasin matakan mercury a Los Amigos ya zarce adadin mercury da aka ruwaito a baya kusa da tushen tushen mercury a cikin dazuzzuka a Arewacin Amurka da Turai (misali, kona kwal), kuma yana kwatankwacin dabi'u a masana'antar China 21,36 . Dukkanin sun fada, kusan 94 % na jimlar adadin mercury a cikin dazuzzukan Los Amigos da aka keɓe ana samar da su ta wurin busasshen ajiya (shiga + zuriyar ruwa - hazo mercury), gudummawar da ta fi na sauran manyan dazuzzuka.st shimfidar wurare a dukan duniya.Wadannan sakamakon suna nuna girman matakan mercury da ke shiga gandun daji ta hanyar bushewa daga ASGM da mahimmancin gandun daji don kawar da mercury da aka samo daga ASGM daga sararin samaniya. ayyuka ba na musamman ga Peru ba.
Sabanin haka, yankunan da aka sare dazuka a wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna da ƙananan matakan mercury, musamman ta hanyar hazo mai yawa, tare da ƙarancin shigar da mercury ta hanyar faɗuwar ruwa da litter. Ƙididdigar jimlar mercury a cikin ƙananan sediments a cikin ma'adinan ya kasance daidai da waɗanda aka auna a wurare masu nisa (Fig. 2C). Ma'ana mai yawa (kewaye: 1.5-9.1 ng L-1) na jimlar mercury a lokacin rani girma hazo sun kasance ƙasa da ƙimar da aka ruwaito a baya a Adirondacks na New York37 kuma sun kasance ƙasa da waɗanda ke cikin yankuna masu nisa na Amazon38. Saboda haka, Mafi yawan shigar da hazo na Hg ya kasance ƙasa (8.6-21.5 μg Hg m-2 yr-1) a cikin yanki kusa da gandun daji idan aka kwatanta da GEM, ta hanyar juzu'i da tsarin tattarawa na wurin hakar ma'adinai, kuma baya nuna kusanci ga ma'adinai. .Saboda ASGM na buƙatar sare dazuzzuka, 2,3 wuraren da aka share inda ayyukan hakar ma'adanai ke da hankali suna da ƙananan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na mercury daga ajiyar yanayi fiye da yankunan dazuzzuka na kusa, kodayake ba na yanayi ba kai tsaye na ASGM (irin sus elemental mercury zubewa ko wutsiya) mai yuwuwa yayi girma sosai.Babban 22.
Canje-canje a cikin sauye-sauyen mercury da aka lura a cikin Amazon na Peruvian suna haifar da manyan bambance-bambance a ciki da kuma tsakanin shafuka a lokacin rani (daji da sarewar gandun daji) (Fig. 2) .Ya bambanta, mun ga ƙananan bambance-bambancen intra-site da tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin. ƙananan Hg yana gudana a lokacin damina (Ƙarin Hoto 1) Wannan bambancin yanayi (Fig. 2B) na iya kasancewa saboda yawan ƙarfin hakar ma'adinai da ƙura a lokacin rani.Ƙara sarewar daji da rage hazo a lokacin rani na iya ƙara ƙura. samar da shi, ta yadda za a kara yawan barbashi na yanayi da ke sha mercury.Mercury da ƙura da ake nomawa a lokacin rani na iya ba da gudummawa ga tsarin jujjuyawar mercury a cikin sare gandun daji idan aka kwatanta da gandun daji na Los Amigos Conservation Conservation.
Kamar yadda abubuwan mercury daga ASGM a cikin Peruvian Amazon ana adana su cikin tsarin halittu na ƙasa da farko ta hanyar hulɗa tare da gandun daji, mun gwada ko girman girman itacen (watau alamar yanki na leaf) zai haifar da mafi girma bayanai na mercury. A cikin dajin Los Amigos. Amincewa da kiyayewa, mun tattara digo digo daga filayen gandun daji guda 7 tare da nau'ikan alfarwa daban-daban. Mun gano cewa ginshiƙi na yanki mai ƙarfi shine ma'auni mai ƙarfi na jimlar shigar mercury ta faɗuwa, kuma ma'anar jimlar mercury ta faɗuwa ya karu tare da fihirisar yanki (Fig. 3C). Yawancin wasu masu canji kuma suna shafar shigarwar mercury ta hanyar digo, gami da shekarun ganye34, ƙarancin ganye, yawan stomatal, saurin iska39, tashin hankali, zafin jiki, da lokacin bushewa.
Daidai da mafi girman adadin adadin mercury, ƙasan ƙasa (0-5 cm) na wurin gandun daji na Los Amigos yana da mafi girman adadin mercury (140 ng g-1 a cikin lokacin rani na 2018; Hoto 2E) . wanda aka wadatar a duk faɗin bayanan ƙasa a tsaye (kewayi 138-155 ng g-1 a zurfin 45 cm; Ƙarin Hoto. 3). Wurin da kawai ya nuna yawan adadin mercury na ƙasa a lokacin rani na 2018 shine wurin sare gandun daji kusa. Garin hakar ma'adinai (Boca Colorado) .A wannan rukunin yanar gizon, mun yi hasashen cewa babban taro na iya kasancewa saboda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen mercury na elemental a lokacin haɗuwa, kamar yadda yawancin bai tashi a zurfin (> 5 cm) ba. ɓata don tserewa daga ƙasa (watau mercury da aka saki a cikin sararin samaniya) saboda murfin alfarwa shima yana iya yin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin dazuzzuka fiye da wuraren da aka sare dazuzzuka40, yana nuna cewa an ajiye wani kaso mai yawa na mercury don kiyayewa.Yankin ya kasance a cikin ƙasa. Dukan wuraren tafkunan mercury na ƙasa a cikin farkon gandun daji na Los Amigos Conservation Conservation sun kasance 9100 μg Hg m-2 a cikin 5 cm na farko kuma sama da 80,000 μg Hg m-2 a cikin 45 cm na farko.
Tun da ganye da farko suna shan mercury na yanayi, maimakon mercury na ƙasa, 30,31 sannan kuma jigilar wannan mercury zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar faɗuwa, yana yiwuwa yawan adadin mercury mai girma yana tafiyar da tsarin da aka gani a cikin ƙasa. Matsakaicin adadin mercury a saman ƙasa da jimlar mercury a duk wuraren gandun daji, yayin da babu wata alaƙa tsakanin mercury na saman ƙasa da jimlar mercury a cikin hazo mai yawa a cikin wuraren da aka sare dazuzzuka (Fig. 3D) Irin wannan alamu kuma sun bayyana a cikin alaƙar da ke tsakanin wuraren tafkunan mercury na sama da ƙasa. jimillar ruwan mercury a wuraren dazuzzuka, amma ba a wuraren sare dazuzzuka ba (tafkin mercury na saman ƙasa da jimillar hazo jimlar mercury).
Kusan duk nazarin gurɓataccen mercury na ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da ASGM an iyakance shi ga ma'auni na jimlar mercury, amma ƙididdigar methylmercury yana ƙayyade mercury bioavailability da tarin abubuwan gina jiki na gaba da fallasa. Gabaɗaya sun yi imani cewa ƙasan tuddai suna da ƙananan ƙima na methylmercury. Duk da haka, a karo na farko, mun yi rikodin ma'auni na MeHg a cikin ƙasan Amazonian kusa da ASGMs, yana ba da shawarar cewa haɓakar MeHg ya wuce fiye da yanayin yanayin ruwa da kuma cikin yanayin ƙasa a cikin waɗannan wuraren da ASGM ta shafa. , ciki har da wadanda ake nitsewa a lokacin damina.Ƙasa da waɗanda ke zama bushe shekara zagaye.Mafi girman adadin methylmercury a saman ƙasa a lokacin rani na 2018 ya faru a wurare biyu na gandun daji na mine (Boca Colorado da Los Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g-1, 1.4% Hg as MeHg da kuma 1.1 ng MeHg g-1, bi da bi, a 0.79% Hg (kamar MeHg) Tun da waɗannan kaso na mercury a cikin nau'i na methylmercury sun yi daidai da sauran wurare na duniya (Ƙarin Hoto 4), babban taro na methylmercury ya bayyana. zama saboda babban jimlar shigar Mercury da babban ajiya na jimlar mercury a cikin ƙasa, maimakon net ɗin da ke akwai na mercury inorganic zuwa methylmercury (Ƙarin Hoton 5) Sakamakonmu yana wakiltar ma'aunin farko na methylmercury a cikin ƙasa kusa da ASGM a cikin Amazon na Peruvian. Dangane da Sauran nazarin sun ba da rahoton samar da methylmercury mafi girma a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da bushewar shimfidar wurare43,44 kuma muna sa ran yawan adadin methylmercury a cikin yanayin dajin da ke kusa da kuma wuraren dausayi na dindindin waɗanda ke dandana.irin nauyin mercury.Ko da yake methylmercury Ko akwai haɗarin guba ga namun daji kusa da ayyukan hakar zinare ya kasance a ƙayyade, amma waɗannan dazuzzuka da ke kusa da ayyukan ASGM na iya zama wuraren da za a iya samar da mercury bioaccumulation a cikin gidajen abinci na ƙasa.
Mafi mahimmanci kuma sabon abu na aikinmu shine rubuta jigilar jigilar mercury mai yawa zuwa cikin gandun dajin da ke kusa da ASGM. Bayananmu sun nuna cewa ana samun wannan mercury a cikin, kuma yana motsawa ta, gidajen abinci na duniya. Bugu da ƙari, adadi mai yawa na mercury. Ana adana su a cikin biomass da ƙasa kuma ana iya sake su tare da canjin amfani da ƙasa4 da gobarar gandun daji45,46.Amazon kudu maso gabashin Peruvian yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan yanayin yanayin halittu na vertebrate da kwari akan Duniya.High structural complexity in m old tropical. gandun daji suna haɓaka nau'ikan halittu na tsuntsaye48 kuma suna ba da damar yin amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan daji iri-iri49.Saboda haka, fiye da 50% na yankin Madre de Dios an sanya shi azaman ƙasa mai kariya ko ajiyar ƙasa50. Matsin ƙasa don sarrafa ayyukan ASGM ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Tambopata National Reserve ya girma sosai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wanda ya haifar da babban aikin aiwatarwa (Operación Mercurio) ta gwamnatin Peruvian.a cikin 2019. Duk da haka, bincikenmu ya nuna cewa rikice-rikice na dazuzzuka da ke ƙarƙashin nau'in halittu na Amazon ya sa yankin ya zama mai rauni sosai ga lodin mercury da adanawa a cikin shimfidar wurare tare da ƙara yawan iskar mercury mai alaka da ASGM, wanda ke haifar da mercury na duniya ta hanyar ruwa.Mafi girman ma'aunin da aka ruwaito na adadin ya dogara ne akan kididdigar mu na farko na hawan dazuzzuka na mercury a cikin dazuzzukan da ke kusa da ASGM. Yayin da bincikenmu ya gudana a cikin dazuzzukan da ke da kariya, tsarin shigar da mercury mai girma da riƙewa zai shafi kowane daji na farko na girma. kusa da ayyukan ASGM, gami da yankunan buffer, don haka waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da dazuzzuka masu kariya da marasa tsaro.Dazuzzuka masu kariya iri ɗaya ne.Saboda haka, haɗarin ASGM zuwa shimfidar wuri na mercury ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da shigo da mercury kai tsaye ta hanyar iskar yanayi, zubewa, da wutsiya ba, har ma da ikon shimfidar wuri don kamawa, adanawa, da canza mercury zuwa mafi raye-raye. siffofin.dangane da potential.methylmercury, yana nuna bambanci daban-daban akan wuraren tafkunan mercury na duniya da namun daji na ƙasa dangane da gandun daji kusa da hakar ma'adinai.
Ta hanyar sarrafa mercury na yanayi, dazuzzukan da ke kusa da sana'a da ƙananan ma'adinan zinari na iya rage haɗarin mercury zuwa yanayin halittun ruwa da ke kusa da tafki na mercury na duniya. Idan an share waɗannan gandun daji don faɗaɗa ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ko aikin noma, za a iya tura ragowar mercury daga ƙasa zuwa ruwa. 45, 46, 51, 52, 53. A cikin Amazon na Peruvian, ana amfani da kusan tan 180 na mercury a kowace shekara a ASGM54, wanda kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu ke fitarwa zuwa cikin yanayi55, da aka ba da Conservation Conservation. a Los Amigos.Wannan yanki yana da kusan sau 7.5 na jimlar ƙasa mai kariya da kuma tanadin yanayi a yankin Madre de Dios (kimanin kadada miliyan 4), wanda ke da mafi girman kaso na ƙasa mai kariya a kowane lardin Peruvian, kuma waɗannan manyan yankuna na ƙasan daji mara kyau.Wani ɓangare a waje da radius na ASGM da mercury. Don haka, ƙaddamar da mercury a cikin gandun daji bai isa ba don hana mercury da ASGM ke samu daga shiga cikin wuraren shakatawa na yanayi na yanki da na duniya, yana nuna mahimmancin rage yawan iskar mercury na ASGM. Mercury da aka adana a cikin tsarin ƙasa yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar manufofin kiyayewa. Yanke shawara na gaba game da yadda za a gudanar da gandun daji, musamman a yankunan da ke kusa da ayyukan ASGM, don haka yana da tasiri ga tattarawar mercury da bioavailability a yanzu da kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Ko da dazuzzuka za su iya raba duk mercury da aka saki a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ba zai zama maganin gurɓatawar mercury ba, saboda gidajen abinci na ƙasa na iya zama mai rauni ga mercury. Mun san kadan game da yawan mercury a cikin biota a cikin waɗannan dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau, amma waɗannan na farko. Ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin mercury na ƙasa da methylmercury na ƙasa sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan adadin mercury a cikin ƙasa da babban methylmercury na iya ƙara haɓakawa ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin waɗannan dazuzzuka.Hatsari ga manyan masu amfani da abinci mai gina jiki.Bayanai daga binciken da aka yi a baya akan terrestrial mercury bioaccumulation a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka sun gano cewa yawan mercury na jini a cikin tsuntsaye yana da alaƙa da adadin mercury a cikin sediments, kuma tsuntsaye masu cin abincin da aka samu gabaɗaya daga ƙasa na iya nuna ƙimar mercury ta haɓaka 56,57. Ana danganta haɓakar mercury a cikin tsuntsayen kiɗa. tare da rage yawan aikin haifuwa da nasara, rage rayuwar zuriya, rashin ci gaba, sauye-sauyen hali, damuwa na jiki, da mace-mace58,59. Idan wannan samfurin ya kasance gaskiya ga Amazon na Peruvian, babban hawan mercury da ke faruwa a cikin gandun dajin da ba su da kyau zai iya haifar da babban adadin mercury. a cikin tsuntsaye da sauran halittu masu rai, tare da yiwuwar illa masu illa. Wannan ya shafi musamman saboda yankin yanki ne na duniya mai raɗaɗi na halittu. su.Kaddamar da aikin ASGMes15,16 na iya zama wata hanya don tabbatar da cewa ba a yi amfani da filayen kariya ba.
Don tantance ko mercury da aka ajiye a cikin waɗannan wuraren da ke dazuzzuka yana shiga gidan yanar gizon abinci na ƙasa, mun auna gashin wutsiyar wutsiyar mawaƙa da yawa daga Los Amigos Reserve (haƙar ma'adinai ta shafa) da tashar Cocha Cashu Biological Station (tsofaffin tsuntsayen da ba su shafa ba).jimlar mercury maida hankali.growth daji), kilomita 140 daga saman mu na sama samfurin Bokamanu samfurin. Ga dukkan nau'i uku inda aka yi samfurin mutane da yawa a kowane rukunin yanar gizon, Hg ya ɗaukaka a cikin tsuntsayen Los Amigos idan aka kwatanta da Cocha Cashu (Fig. 4) Wannan. samfurin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da la'akari da halaye na ciyarwa ba, kamar yadda samfurinmu ya haɗa da mai cin abinci Myrmotherula axillaris, mai cin abinci mai cin abinci Phlegopsis nigromaculata, da Pipra fasciicauda (1.8 [n = 10] vs. 0.9 μg g-1. [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] vs. 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] vs. 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]).Na 10 Phlegopsis nigromaculata daidaikun mutane da aka yi amfani da su a Los Amigos, 3 sun wuce EC10 (mai tasiri mai tasiri don raguwar 10% a cikin nasarar haihuwa), 3 ya wuce EC20, 1 ya wuce EC30 (duba ma'auni na EC a Evers58), kuma babu wani mutum Cocha Duk wani nau'i na Cashu ya wuce EC10. Waɗannan na farko. binciken, tare da matsakaicin adadin mercury sau 2-3 mafi girma a cikin tsuntsayen waƙa daga dazuzzuka masu kariya kusa da ayyukan ASGM,da yawan adadin mercury har sau 12 mafi girma, yana haifar da damuwa cewa gurɓataccen mercury daga ASGM na iya shiga gidajen yanar gizon abinci na ƙasa.Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna muhimmancin hana ayyukan ASGM a wuraren shakatawa na kasa da yankunan da ke kewaye da su.
An tattara bayanai a Los Amigos Conservation Conservation (n = 10 don Myrmotherula axillaris [understory invertivore] da Phlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-bi invertivore], n = 46 don Pipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; alamar jajayen triangle) da wurare masu nisa a Cocha Kashu Biological Station (n = 2 a kowace nau'in; Alamomin da'irar kore) .An nuna ingantaccen taro (ECs) don rage nasarar haifuwa da 10%, 20% da 30% (duba Evers58) Hotunan tsuntsaye da aka gyara daga Schulenberg65.
Tun da 2012, girman ASGM a cikin Peruvian Amazon ya karu da fiye da 40% a cikin yankunan da aka karewa da 2,25 ko fiye a cikin yankunan da ba a kiyaye su ba. Ci gaba da yin amfani da mercury a cikin fasaha na fasaha da ƙananan ƙananan zinariya na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri a kan namun daji. wanda ke zaune cikin wadannan dazuzzuka.Ko da masu hakar ma'adinai sun daina yin amfani da mercury nan da nan, sakamakon wannan gurɓataccen abu a cikin ƙasa zai iya wucewa har tsawon ƙarni, tare da yuwuwar ƙara yawan asarar gandun daji da gobarar gandun daji61,62. Don haka, gurɓataccen mercury daga ASGM na iya samun dogon lokaci. Tasiri kan biota na dazuzzukan da ke kusa da ASGM, kasada a halin yanzu da kasada na gaba ta hanyar fitar da mercury a cikin dazuzzukan da suka girma tare da mafi girman darajar kiyayewa.Da sake kunnawa don haɓaka yuwuwar gurɓatawa.Bincikenmu cewa biota na ƙasa na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin gurɓataccen mercury daga ASGM yakamata ya ba da ƙarin kuzari don ci gaba da ƙoƙarin rage fitar da mercury daga ASGM.Wadannan ƙoƙarin sun haɗa da hanyoyi daban-daban, daga kama mercury mai sauƙi. tsarin distillation zuwa ƙarin ƙalubalen saka hannun jari na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa waɗanda za su tsara ayyukan da rage haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ga ASGM ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.
Muna da tashoshi biyar a cikin kilomita 200 na kogin Madre de Dios. Mun zaɓi wuraren samfurori bisa la'akari da kusancinsu zuwa ayyukan ASGM mai tsanani, kimanin kilomita 50 tsakanin kowane wurin samfurin, samuwa ta hanyar Madre de Dios River (Fig. 2A).Muna da an zaɓi wurare guda biyu ba tare da haƙar ma'adinai ba (Boca Manu da Chilive, kusan kilomita 100 da 50 daga ASGM, bi da bi), daga baya ana kiranta da "shafukan nesa". wurare biyu na hakar ma'adinai a cikin gandun dajin na biyu kusa da garuruwan Boca Colorado da Laberinto, da kuma wurin haƙar ma'adinai guda ɗaya a cikin gandun daji na farko.Los Amigos Kariya Concessions. Don Allah a lura cewa a wuraren Boca Colorado da Laberinto a cikin wannan yanki, tururin mercury ya fito daga konewa. na mercury-gold amalgam abu ne da ke faruwa akai-akai, amma ba a san ainihin wurin da adadinsu ba saboda waɗannan ayyukan galibi ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma na sirri;za mu haɗu da hakar ma'adinai da mercury Alloy konewa ana kiransa da "aikin ASGM" . A lokacin rani na 2018 (Yuli da Agusta 2018) da kuma lokacin damina na 2018 (Disamba 2018) a cikin sharewa (yankin da ake sarewa gaba daya ba tare da tsire-tsire ba) da kuma a karkashin bishiyoyi (yankin daji), mu Sediment samplers an shigar da su a wurare biyar kuma a cikin Janairu 2019) don tattara jigon jika (n = 3) da digo shiga (n = 4), bi da bi. An tattara samfuran hazo a cikin makonni huɗu a cikin lokacin rani da makonni biyu zuwa uku a cikin damina. A cikin shekara ta biyu na samfurin rani (Yuli da Agusta 2019), mun shigar da masu tara (n = 4) a cikin ƙarin gandun daji guda shida a Los Amigos na tsawon makonni biyar, bisa ga babban adadin ajiyar kuɗi da aka auna a cikin shekara ta farko, Akwai jimillar gandun daji 7 da kuma yanki na sare gandun daji na Los Amigos 1. Nisa tsakanin filaye ya kasance 0.1 zuwa 2.5 km. Mun tattara hanyar GPS guda ɗaya a kowane wuri ta amfani da Garmin GPS na hannu.
Mun tura m iska samplers ga Mercury a kowane mu biyar wurare a lokacin 2018 rani kakar (Yuli-Agusta 2018) da kuma 2018 damina kakar (Disamba 2018-Janairu 2019) na watanni biyu (PAS) .Daya PAS sampler aka tura ta kowane site. a lokacin rani kuma an tura samfuran PAS guda biyu a lokacin damina.PAS (wanda McLagan et al. 63 ya haɓaka) yana tattara gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) ta hanyar watsawa da haɓakawa akan sulfur-impregnated carbon sorbent (HGR-AC) ta hanyar shingen watsawa na Radiello©.Shamakin yaduwa na PAS yana aiki a matsayin shamaki a kan ratsawar nau'in mercury gaseous;sabili da haka, kawai GEM an tallata shi zuwa carbon 64. Mun yi amfani da igiyoyin filastik filastik don haɗa PAS zuwa matsayi game da 1 m sama da ƙasa. Dukkanin samfurori an rufe su tare da parafilm ko adana su a cikin jaka na filastik na biyu kafin da kuma bayan ƙaddamarwa.Mu filin da aka tattara babu komai da tafiye-tafiye mara kyau na PAS don tantance gurɓacewar da aka gabatar yayin yin samfura, ajiyar filin, ajiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, da jigilar samfurin.
A yayin da ake tura dukkan wuraren samar da kayayyaki guda biyar, mun sanya masu tattara hazo guda uku don nazarin mercury da masu tarawa guda biyu don sauran nazarin sinadarai, da kuma masu tarawa guda huɗu don nazarin mercury a wurin sare dazuzzuka.mai tarawa, da kuma masu tarawa guda biyu don sauran nazarin sinadarai. Masu tarawa sun kasance mita ɗaya tsakanin juna. Lura cewa yayin da muke da adadin masu tarawa da aka kafa a kowane rukunin yanar gizon, yayin wasu lokutan tattarawa muna da ƙananan samfurori masu girma saboda ambaliyar ruwa, mutum. tsoma baki tare da masu tarawa, da kuma gazawar haɗin kai tsakanin tubing da kwalabe masu tarin yawa.A kowane gandun daji da wuraren da aka sare, daya mai tarawa don nazarin mercury ya ƙunshi kwalban 500-mL, yayin da ɗayan ya ƙunshi kwalban 250-mL;Duk sauran masu tarawa don nazarin sinadarai sun ƙunshi kwalban 250-mL. An ajiye waɗannan samfuran a cikin firiji har sai daskarewa, sannan a tura su Amurka a kan kankara, sannan a daskare har sai an bincika. ta hanyar sabon styrene-etylene-butadiene-styrene block polymer (C-Flex) tube tare da sabon polyethylene terephthalate Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) kwalban tare da madauki da aiki a matsayin tururi kulle. tare da 1 mL alama karfe sa hydrochloric acid (HCl) da duk 500 mL PETG kwalabe da aka acidified tare da 2 mL alama karfe sa HCl. Mai tarawa ga sauran sinadaran nazarin kunshi wani roba mazurari da alaka da wani polyethylene kwalban via sabon C-Flex tubing tare da. An wanke madauki wanda ke aiki a matsayin kullewar tururi.Dukan mazugi na gilashi, mazugi na filastik da kwalabe na polyethylene an wanke acid kafin a tura su.Mun tattara samfurori ta amfani da ka'idar hannu mai datti mai tsabta (Hanyoyin EPA 1669), kiyaye samples a matsayin sanyi kamar yadda zai yiwu har sai ya koma Amurka, sa'an nan kuma adana samfurori a 4 ° C har sai an yi nazari. Nazarin da suka gabata ta amfani da wannan hanya sun nuna 90-110% farfadowa don ɗakunan dakin gwaje-gwaje a ƙasa da iyakar ganowa da daidaitattun spikes37.
A kowane rukunin yanar gizon guda biyar, mun tattara ganye a matsayin ganyen alfarwa, an kama samfuran ganye, sabbin zuriyar dabbobi, da datti mai yawa ta amfani da ka'idar tsabta-hannu-datti-hannu (Habka EPA 1669) An tattara duk samfuran ƙarƙashin lasisin tattarawa daga SERFOR , Peru, da kuma shigo da su cikin Amurka a ƙarƙashin lasisin shigo da USDA. Mun tattara ganyen alfarwa daga nau'in bishiyar guda biyu da aka samu a duk wuraren: nau'in bishiyar da ke fitowa (Ficus insipida) da itace mai matsakaici (Inga feuilleei) .Mun tattara ganye. daga bishiyoyin bishiyoyi ta hanyar amfani da Notch Big Shot slingshot a lokacin rani na 2018, damina na 2018, da lokacin rani na 2019 (n = 3 kowane nau'i) .Mun tattara samfurori na grab (n = 1) ta hanyar tattara ganye daga kowane fili daga rassan da ke ƙasa da 2 m sama da ƙasa a lokacin rani na 2018, damina na 2018, da kuma lokacin rani na 2019. A cikin 2019, mun kuma tattara samfurori na leaf grab (n = 1) daga 6 ƙarin gandun daji a Los Amigos. Mun tattara sabo da datti (“yawan zuriyar dabbobi”) a cikin kwanduna masu layi na filastik(n = 5) a lokacin damina na 2018 a duk wuraren gandun daji guda biyar da kuma lokacin rani na 2019 a filin Los Amigos (n = 5) . Lura cewa yayin da muka shigar da adadin kwanduna masu dacewa a kowane rukunin yanar gizon, yayin wasu lokutan tattarawa. , Girman samfurin mu ya kasance karami saboda ambaliyar ruwa da kuma tsoma bakin ɗan adam tare da masu tarawa.Duk kwandunan kwandon shara suna sanya su a cikin mita daya na mai tara ruwa.Mun tattara datti mai yawa a matsayin samfurori na ƙasa a lokacin rani na 2018, lokacin damina na 2018, da kuma da lokacin rani na 2019. A lokacin rani na 2019, mun kuma tattara adadin datti a duk wuraren da muke Los Amigos. Mun sanya dukkan samfuran ganye a cikin firiji har sai an daskare su ta amfani da injin daskarewa, sa'an nan kuma aika zuwa Amurka a kan kankara. sannan a adana a daskare har sai an sarrafa shi.
Mun tattara samfuran ƙasa a cikin sau uku (n = 3) daga duk rukunin yanar gizon guda biyar (buɗewa da alfarwa) da filin Los Amigos a lokacin rani na 2019 a duk lokutan yanayi guda uku. Dukkan samfuran ƙasa an tattara su cikin mita ɗaya na mai tattara hazo. samfuran ƙasa da aka tattara a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ɗigon zuriyar ƙasa (0-5 cm) ta amfani da samfurin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin rani na 2018, mun tattara ƙananan ƙasa har zuwa zurfin 45 cm kuma mun raba su zuwa sassa biyar masu zurfi. A Laberinto, za mu iya. kawai tattara bayanan ƙasa ɗaya kawai saboda teburin ruwa yana kusa da ƙasa. Mun tattara duk samfuran ta amfani da ƙa'idar hannu mai datti mai tsabta (Hanyar EPA 1669) . Mun sanya dukkan samfuran ƙasa cikin firiji har sai an daskare su ta amfani da injin daskarewa, sannan a tura su. akan kankara zuwa Amurka, sannan a adana a daskare har sai an sarrafa shi.
Yi amfani da gidajen hazo da aka saita da wayewar gari da faɗuwar rana don kama tsuntsaye a lokacin mafi kyawun lokutan rana. A cikin Los Amigos Reserve, mun sanya nests hazo biyar (1.8 × 2.4) a wurare tara. A tashar Cocha Cashu Bio, mun sanya 8 zuwa. 10 hazo nests (12 x 3.2 m) a cikin wurare 19. A duka shafuka biyu, mun tattara gashin gashin wutsiya na farko na kowane tsuntsu, ko kuma idan ba haka ba, gashin tsuntsu na gaba. Muna adana gashin tsuntsaye a cikin jaka na Ziploc mai tsabta ko manila envelopes tare da silicone.Mun tattara. rubuce-rubucen hotuna da ma'auni na morphometric don gano nau'in nau'i bisa ga Schulenberg65. Dukansu karatun sun sami goyon bayan SERFOR da izini daga Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobin Dabbobi (IACUC) .Lokacin da aka kwatanta gashin tsuntsu Hg maida hankali, mun bincika nau'in nau'in gashin tsuntsayen da aka tattara a Los Amigos Conservation Conservation. da Cocha Cashu Biological Station (Myrmotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
Don tantance Fihirisar Yankin Leaf (LAI), an tattara bayanan lidar ta amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje na GatorEye Unmanned Aerial Laboratory, na'urar firikwensin firikwensin iska mara matukin jirgi (duba www.gatoreye.org don cikakkun bayanai, kuma ana samunsu ta hanyar hanyar haɗin "2019 Peru Los Friends" Yuni" ) 66. An tattara lidar a Los Amigos Conservation Conservation a watan Yuni 2019, tare da tsayin 80 m, gudun hijirar 12 m / s, da nisa na 100 m tsakanin hanyoyin da ke kusa, don haka ƙimar ɗaukar hoto ta gefe ya kai 75. % Yawan maki da aka rarraba a kan bayanan gandun daji na tsaye ya wuce maki 200 a kowace murabba'in mita. Yankin jirgin ya mamaye duk wuraren da ake yin samfur a Los Amigos a lokacin rani na 2019.
Mun ƙididdige jimlar Hg na PAS-tattara GEMs ta thermal desorption, fusion, da atomic absorption spectroscopy (USEPA Method 7473) ta amfani da kayan aikin Hydra C (Teledyne, CV-AAS) da Fasaha (NIST) Ma'auni Na Musamman 3133 (Hg daidaitaccen bayani, 10.004 mg g-1) tare da iyakar ganowa na 0.5 ng Hg.Mun yi Tabbatar da Tabbatar da Ci gaba (CCV) ta amfani da NIST SRM 3133 da Ka'idodin Kula da Inganci (QCS) ta amfani da NIST 1632e (bituminous coal, 135.1 mg g-1) .Mun raba kowane samfurin a cikin wani jirgin ruwa daban-daban, sanya shi a tsakanin nau'i biyu na sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) foda, da kuma rufe shi da wani bakin ciki Layer na aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH). 3) foda67.Mun auna jimlar HGR-AC na kowane samfurin don cire duk wani rashin daidaituwa a cikin rarrabawar Hg a cikin HGR-AC sorbent.Saboda haka, mun ƙididdige ƙaddamarwar mercury ga kowane samfurin bisa ga jimlar jimlar mercury da aka auna ta hanyar. kowane jirgin ruwa da kumaDuk abin da ke cikin HGR-AC na sorbent a cikin PAS. An ba da cewa samfurin PAS guda ɗaya ne kawai aka tattara daga kowane rukunin yanar gizon don ma'auni mai mahimmanci a lokacin rani na 2018, tsarin kula da ingancin tsari da tabbacin an yi ta hanyar haɗakar samfurori tare da hanyoyin sa ido, matakan ciki, da matrix. -matched ma'auni. A lokacin damina na 2018, mun sake maimaita ma'auni na samfurori na PAS. An yi la'akari da dabi'u masu karɓa lokacin da bambancin kashi (RPD) na CCV da matrix-matched ma'auni sun kasance a cikin 5% na yarda. darajar, kuma duk ɓangarori na tsari sun kasance ƙasa da iyakar ganowa (BDL) .Mun gyara jimlar mercury da aka auna a cikin PAS ta amfani da ƙididdiga da aka ƙaddara daga filin da balaguro (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5) .Mun ƙididdige GEM. yawan tattarawa ta amfani da madaidaicin adadin mercury da aka ƙera wanda aka raba ta lokacin turawa da ƙimar samfur (yawan iska don cire mercury gaseous kowane lokaci naúrar;0.135 m3 rana-1) 63,68, an daidaita shi don zafin jiki da iska daga Yanayin Yanar Gizo na Duniya Matsakaicin zafin jiki da ma'aunin iska da aka samu don yankin Madre de Dios68. Kuskuren daidaitattun da aka ruwaito don ƙididdigar GEM da aka auna yana dogara ne akan kuskuren daidaitattun waje. gudu kafin da kuma bayan samfurin.
Mun bincika samfuran ruwa don jimlar abun ciki na mercury ta hanyar iskar oxygen tare da bromine chloride na aƙalla sa'o'i 24, tare da raguwar chloride mai ban mamaki da tsaftacewa da nazarin tarko, sanyin tururin atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), da chromatography gas (GC) rabuwa (Hanyar EPA) 1631 na Tekran 2600 Atomatik Total Mercury Analyzer, Rev. E) .Mun yi CCV akan samfuran lokacin rani na 2018 ta amfani da ƙa'idodin mercury na Ultra Scientific (10 μg L-1) da tabbatarwa na farko (ICV) ta amfani da NIST ƙwararrun abubuwan tunani 1641D (mercury a cikin ruwa, 1.557 mg kg-1)) tare da iyakacin ganowa na 0.02 ng L-1. Domin 2018 rigar kakar da 2019 samfurori na rani, mun yi amfani da Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L-1). ) don daidaitawa da CCV da SPEX Centriprep Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Multi-element don ICV bayani daidaitaccen 2 A tare da iyakacin ganowa na 0.5 ng L-1. Duk matakan da aka samo a cikin 15% na ƙimar yarda.Field blanks, ɓangarorin narkewa da ɓangarorin nazari duk BDLs ne.
Mun daskare-bushewar ƙasa da samfuran ganye na tsawon kwanaki biyar. Mun yi kama da samfuran kuma mun bincika su don jimlar mercury ta hanyar bazuwar thermal, raguwar catalytic, fusion, desorption, da kuma shayarwar sinadarai (hanyar EPA 7473) akan Milestone Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) -80) .Domin samfurori na lokacin rani na 2018, mun yi gwajin DMA-80 ta amfani da NIST 1633c (fly ash, 1005 ng g-1) da kuma National Research Council of Canada bokan abin tunani MESS-3 (marine sediment, 91 ng g). -1).Daidaitawa.Mun yi amfani da NIST 1633c don CCV da MS da MESS-3 don QCS tare da iyakar ganowa na 0.2 ng Hg.Domin lokacin rigar 2018 da samfurori na lokacin rani na 2019, mun daidaita DMA-80 ta amfani da Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0) ng L-1) .Mun yi amfani da NIST Standard Reference Material 2709a (San Joaquin ƙasa, 1100 ng g-1) don CCV da MS da DORM-4 (furotin kifi, 410 ng g-1) don QCS tare da iyakar ganowa na 0.5 ng Hg.Domin duk yanayi, mun bincika duk samfurori a cikin kwafi da ƙimar karɓa lokacin da RPD tsakanin samfuran biyu ya kasance a cikin 10% Matsakaicin dawo da duk ma'auni da matrix spikes sun kasance cikin 10% na ƙimar yarda, kuma duk blanks sun kasance. BDL.Duk abubuwan da aka ruwaito sun kasance bushe bushe.
Mun bincikar methylmercury a cikin samfuran ruwa daga duk ayyukan yanayi guda uku, samfuran ganye daga lokacin rani na 2018, da samfuran ƙasa daga duk ayyukan yanayi guda uku. Mun fitar da samfuran ruwa tare da sulfuric acid mai alama don akalla 24 h, 69 narkar da ganye tare da 2 %.Mun bincika samfuran lokacin rani na 2018 ta hanyar ethylation na ruwa ta amfani da sodium tetraethylborate, tsaftacewa da tarko, da CVAFS akan sikirin spectrometer Tekran 2500 (hanyar EPA 1630) .Mun yi amfani da Frontier Geosciences da aka yarda da dakin gwaje-gwaje MeHg da tsattsauran ra'ayi QCS ta amfani da ERM CC580 da calibration tare da calib. Hanyar gano iyaka na 0.2 ng L-1.Mun bincika samfuran rani na 2019 ta amfani da sodium tetraethylborate don ethylation na ruwa, tsaftacewa da tarko, CVAFS, GC, da ICP-MS akan Agilent 770 (Hanya EPA 1630) 73.Mun yi amfani da shi. Brooks Rand Instruments methylmercury ma'auni (1 ng L-1) don daidaitawa da CCV tare da iyakacin gano hanyar 1 pg. Duk ka'idodin da aka samo a cikin 15% na ƙimar da aka yarda da su don duk yanayi kuma duk blanks sun kasance BDL.
A dakin gwaje-gwajenmu na Cibiyar Nazarin Toxicology (Portland, Maine, Amurka), iyakar gano hanyar shine 0.001 μg g-1.We calibrated DMA-80 ta amfani da DOLT-5 (hanta dogfish, 0.44 μg g-1), CE-464 (5.24) μg g-1), da NIST 2710a (ƙasar Montana, 9.888 μg g-1) .Muna amfani da DOLT-5 da CE-464 don CCV da QCS. Matsakaicin farfadowa ga duk ma'auni sun kasance cikin 5% na ƙimar da aka yarda da su, kuma duk blanks Duk kwafi sun kasance a cikin 15% RPD. Dukkanin gashin tsuntsu da aka ruwaito jimillar adadin mercury sabo ne (fw).
Muna amfani da 0.45 μm membrane filters don tace samfurori na ruwa don ƙarin nazarin sinadarai.Mun bincika samfuran ruwa don anions (chloride, nitrate, sulfate) da cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) ta hanyar ion chromatography (Hanya EPA 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] ta amfani da Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatograph .Duk ka'idoji da aka dawo dasu cikin kashi 10% na ƙimar da aka yarda da su kuma duk blanks sun kasance BDL.Muna amfani da Thermofisher X-Series II don nazarin abubuwan gano abubuwa a cikin samfuran ruwa ta hanyar haɗaɗɗen ma'auni na plasma taro.Instrument An shirya ma'auni na daidaitawa ta hanyar serial dilution na ingantacciyar ma'aunin ruwa NIST 1643f. Duk farin sararin samaniya shine BDL.
Duk magudanar ruwa da wuraren waha da aka ruwaito a cikin rubutu da alkaluma suna amfani da ma'anar maida hankali ga rani da lokutan damina.Dubi Ƙarin Teburin 1 don ƙididdigewa na wuraren tafki da magudanar ruwa (matsakaicin juzu'i na shekara-shekara na yanayi biyu) ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin ƙima da matsakaicin ƙima yayin lokacin lokacin bushewa da damina.Mun ƙididdige kwararar mercury gandun daji daga Rarraba Conservation na Los Amigos a matsayin taƙaitaccen shigarwar mercury ta hanyar digo da litter.Mun ƙididdige kwararar Hg daga sare gandun daji daga hazo mai girma Hg deposition.Amfani da ma'aunin ruwan sama na yau da kullun daga Los Amigos (an tara a matsayin ɓangare na EBLA). kuma akwai daga ACCA akan buƙata), mun ƙididdige matsakaicin yawan ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata (2009-2018) ya zama kusan 2500 mm yr-1. Lura cewa a cikin shekara ta kalandar 2018, ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kusa da wannan matsakaicin (2009-2018). 2468mm), yayin da mafi yawan watanni (Janairu, Fabrairu da Disamba) ke lissafin kusan rabin ruwan sama na shekara (1288mm na 2468mm) .Sabili da haka muna amfani da matsakaicin matsakaicin lokacin rani da lokacin rani a cikin duk juzu'i da lissafin wuraren waha. Wannan kuma yana ba mu damar yin la'akari ba kawai bambancin hazo tsakanin lokacin rani da bushewa ba, har ma da bambanci a cikin matakan ayyukan ASGM tsakanin waɗannan yanayi biyu. Adabi darajar mercury da aka ruwaito na shekara-shekara daga gandun daji na wurare masu zafi sun bambanta tsakanin faɗaɗa yawan adadin mercury daga lokacin rani da damina ko kuma daga lokacin rani ne kawai, idan aka kwatanta kididdigar kididdigar mu zuwa ƙimar wallafe-wallafe, kai tsaye muna kwatanta juzu'in mercury ɗinmu, yayin da wani binciken ya ɗauki samfurori. a duka lokacin rani da lokacin rani, kuma an sake ƙididdige yawan juzu'in mu ta amfani da adadin mercury lokacin rani kawai lokacin da wani binciken ya ɗauki samfurori kawai a lokacin rani (misali, 74).
Don tantance jimlar mercury na shekara-shekara na yawan ruwan sama, yawan ruwan sama da datti a Los Amigos, mun yi amfani da bambanci tsakanin lokacin rani (matsakaicin duk wuraren Los Amigos a cikin 2018 da 2019) da lokacin damina (matsakaicin 2018) matsakaicin jimlar. mercury maida hankali.Domin jimlar adadin mercury a wasu wurare, an yi amfani da matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin lokacin rani na 2018 da lokacin damina na 2018. Don nauyin methylmercury, mun yi amfani da bayanai daga lokacin rani na 2018, shekarar da kawai aka auna methylmercury. Don ƙididdige yawan zuriyar mercury, mun yi amfani da kididdigar wallafe-wallafe na ƙimar zuriyar dabbobi da kuma adadin mercury da aka tattara daga ganye a cikin kwandunan datti a 417 g m-2 yr-1 a cikin Amazon na Peruvian. Ga tafkin Hg na ƙasa a cikin 5 cm na sama na ƙasa. mun yi amfani da jimlar ƙasa Hg (2018 da 2019 rani yanayi, lokacin damina 2018) da kuma MeHg maida hankali a cikin 2018 rani kakar, tare da kimanta girma yawa na 1.25 g cm-3 a cikin Brazilian Amazon75.Za mu iya kawai paiwatar da waɗannan lissafin kasafin kuɗi a babban rukunin bincikenmu, Los Amigos, inda ake samun bayanan ruwan sama na dogon lokaci, kuma inda cikakken tsarin gandun daji ke ba da damar yin amfani da kididdigar da aka tattara a baya.
Muna aiwatar da layin lidar ta amfani da GatorEye multiscale postprocessing workflow, wanda ta atomatik lissafta tsaftataccen ma'ana girgije da kuma raster kayayyakin, ciki har da dijital haɓaka model (DEMs) a 0.5 × 0.5 m ƙuduri.Mun yi amfani da DEM da kuma tsabtace lidar batu girgije (WGS-84, UTM) 19S Mita) azaman shigarwa zuwa GatorEye Leaf Area Density (G-LAD), wanda ke ƙididdige ƙididdigar yanki na yanki na kowane voxel (m3) (m2) a saman ƙasa a saman alfarwa a ƙuduri na 1 × 1 × 1 × 1. 1 m, da LAI da aka samu ( jimlar LAD a cikin kowane ginshiƙi na tsaye na 1 × 1). Ana fitar da ƙimar LAI na kowane maƙalli na GPS.
Mun yi duk kididdiga ta amfani da R version 3.6.1 statistic software software76 da duk visualizations ta amfani da ggplot2. Mun yi kididdiga gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da alpha na 0.05. An kiyasta dangantakar tsakanin ma'auni guda biyu ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan ƙananan murabba'ai regression. Mun yi kwatancen tsakanin shafuka ta amfani da Gwajin Kruskal marasa daidaituwa da gwajin Wilcox iri biyu.
Ana iya samun duk bayanan da ke cikin wannan rubutun a cikin Ƙarin Bayani da fayilolin bayanai masu alaƙa. Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) yana ba da bayanan hazo akan buƙata.
Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa.Gold na Artisanal: Dama don Zuba Jari mai Alhaki - Summary.Investing in Artisanal Gold Summary v8 https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/investing-artisanal-gold-summary.pdf (2016).
Asner, GP & Tupayachi, R. Haɓaka asarar dazuzzukan da aka karewa saboda hakar zinare a cikin Peruvian Amazon.environment.reservoir.Wright.12, 9 (2017).
Espejo, JC et al.Yanke dazuzzuka da lalata gandun daji daga hakar gwal a cikin Amazon na Peruvian: hangen nesa na shekaru 34. Nesa Sensing 10, 1-17 (2018).
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Dethier, EN, Sartain, SL & Lutz, DA Matsayin ruwa mai tsayi da juzu'i na yanayi na kogi sun dakatar da sediments a wurare masu zafi na rayayyun halittu saboda hakar gwal na fasaha.Process.National Academy of Sciences.science.US 116, 23936-23941 (2019).
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Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-24-2022